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This lesson sets an earlier version of a poem beside its revision. It begins with the complete text of both versions, so the whole poem can be read first, then shows the change in excerpts, with a short note and a suggestion.

Beside the classic readings, poems and stories by James Mulhern are included as working examples, for a practical reason: he knows what was in the drafts, what changed and what he learned in changing it, so he can show a class how a piece came to be and not only how it ended.

The complete poemearlier and revised versions, in full

“Fragility,” revised as “She Knelt”

Earlier · “Fragility”

You know the meeting

when a question asked

hurts someone’s feelings.

The goal of the discussion

disregarded

like a raised hand

ignored.

My grandmother lived

in a dirt-floor house,

walked a mile to a well,

slept in a bed with two siblings

and a few fire-warmed bricks.

Never once said,

“My feelings are hurt,”

wouldn’t understand

the word

fragility.

Her schooling stopped

in sixth grade.

Most mornings, she knelt,

said her rosary,

then stepped across

a broken-planked porch,

hugged a wooden pail,

and trekked to the water.

Coming home,

she gingerly avoided stones

that stabbed her feet,

stones that bruised—

still, she whispered

blessings

into the early light.

Revised · “She Knelt,” Crossings

“My sister Ag was always

smarter than me,” she said.

“You’re smart like her.

I know you’re gonna get

a lot of degrees.”

She looked at leaves

falling outside the window.

Lost in thought,

she traced the cross

on my forehead.

“If I didn’t have my

prayers, I don’t know

where I’d be. They’re

mostly all I read.”

As a young girl,

my grandmother knelt each morning,

said her rosary,

then stepped across a broken-planked porch

and walked a mile to a well,

clutching a wooden pail.

Coming home, she stepped around stones

that stabbed and blackened her feet.

Once I said, “That must have been hard.”

She paused—

“Sometimes it was,

but I was so glad to have my mother and siblings.

After my father died,

my mother Josephine cleaned for the rich.

Storefront windows read ‘No Irish Need Apply.’”

Nana crouched,

looked into my eyes.

“Jimmy, your sadness

for the people you loved never ends.

The pain is a bit less each year.

But you always feel the ache.”

Still, she prays by a great oak

along a path walked many years ago.

She whispers blessings

beneath a canopy of light and wind.

Onward she moves,

delighted by birds trilling,

the small music of all her mornings.

Earlier text from the earlier reading copy of Crossings on this site. Revised text from Crossings.

Earlier · “Fragility”

You know the meeting

when a question asked

hurts someone’s feelings.

[…]

Never once said,

“My feelings are hurt,”

wouldn’t understand

the word

fragility.

Revised · “She Knelt”

“My sister Ag was always

smarter than me,” she said.

“You’re smart like her.

I know you’re gonna get

a lot of degrees.”

She looked at leaves

falling outside the window.

Earlier · “Fragility”

Most mornings, she knelt,

said her rosary,

then stepped across

a broken-planked porch,

hugged a wooden pail,

and trekked to the water.

Revised · “She Knelt”

As a young girl,

my grandmother knelt each morning,

said her rosary,

then stepped across a broken-planked porch

and walked a mile to a well,

clutching a wooden pail.

The first poem sets the grandmother’s hardships against a present-day meeting room, and she enters as evidence in an argument about the word “fragility.” The revised poem removes the meeting and the argument and keeps the grandmother. She now speaks in her own voice, about a smarter sister, her prayers, and her mother, Josephine, who cleaned for the rich past windows that read “No Irish Need Apply.”

The morning walk to the well survives nearly word for word. What changes is everything around it. The new title is taken from the old poem’s own best verb, so the grandmother is named by what she did. Her words to the boy about grief, “The pain is a bit less each year. / But you always feel the ache,” take the place of the earlier poem’s argument.

A suggestion. If a draft seems to be making a case, you might try a version that begins with the person at its center speaking, and leaves the case unstated.

Questions and Activities

These draw on the classic readings above and on the examples on this page.

Questions for Discussion

  1. “Home Burial” never states its theme. What do we learn just from the scene?
  2. What does the Duke reveal in “My Last Duchess” without meaning to?
  3. When “Fragility” became “She Knelt,” the argument became the grandmother speaking. What changes for the reader?

Activities

  1. Opinion to scene. Take one sentence of opinion or argument from a draft and write it as a short scene in which a character speaks or acts it.
  2. For the science writer. Turn one explanation into a scene in which a child notices something and asks about it.

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