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This lesson sets an earlier version of a poem beside its revision. It begins with the complete text of both versions, so the whole poem can be read first, then shows the change in excerpts, with a short note and a suggestion.

Beside the classic readings, poems and stories by James Mulhern are included as working examples, for a practical reason: he knows what was in the drafts, what changed and what he learned in changing it, so he can show a class how a piece came to be and not only how it ended.

The complete poemearlier and revised versions, in full

“Turbulence”

Earlier version

The twenty-something blonde offered

to lift my suitcase to the overhead compartment.

The thin boy with glasses said he’d push my cart

if I wanted help to my car across the lot.

The high school girl behind the glass

slid a senior ticket without my asking.

My principal inquired, “When will you be retiring?”

My neighbor, close in years, has cancer.

My doctor said men my age

have difficulty peeing.

I’ve taught stories of rites-of-passage

my whole career—

a first kiss,

the first date,

marriage,

children.

When the young woman looked at me

and offered to take my luggage,

I thought of these rites,

and the Last Rites, too.

As the plane rose through the clouds,

I felt turbulence.

Beyond the rain-pattered window

was solid blackness.

I saw an old man.

I knew what lay behind me.

I knew what lay ahead.

How strange that an act of kindness

made me think so much.

When we landed,

the suitcase seemed heavier.

My exit was clear.

Revised · Crossings

The twenty-something blonde offered

to lift my suitcase to the overhead compartment.

My principal inquired, “When will you be retiring?”

My neighbor, close in years, has cancer.

When the young woman looked at me

and offered to take my luggage,

I thought of rites-of-passage—

a first kiss, the first date,

marriage and a child,

and the Last Rites, too.

The plane rose through clouds.

Turbulence. Rain-pattered darkness.

I saw an old man

in the window’s reflection.

Behind: everything lived.

Ahead: the solid blackness.

When we landed,

the suitcase seemed heavier.

My exit was clear.

Earlier text from the earlier reading copy of Crossings on this site. Revised text from Crossings.

Earlier version

The thin boy with glasses said he’d push my cart

if I wanted help to my car across the lot.

The high school girl behind the glass

slid a senior ticket without my asking.

My principal inquired, “When will you be retiring?”

My neighbor, close in years, has cancer.

My doctor said men my age

have difficulty peeing.

Revised · Crossings

My principal inquired, “When will you be retiring?”

My neighbor, close in years, has cancer.

Earlier version

As the plane rose through the clouds,

I felt turbulence.

Beyond the rain-pattered window

was solid blackness.

I saw an old man.

I knew what lay behind me.

I knew what lay ahead.

How strange that an act of kindness

made me think so much.

Revised · Crossings

The plane rose through clouds.

Turbulence. Rain-pattered darkness.

I saw an old man

in the window’s reflection.

Behind: everything lived.

Ahead: the solid blackness.

The early poem gathers six small signs that the speaker has grown old: a cart, a senior ticket, a question about retirement, a neighbor’s illness, a doctor’s remark, an offer to lift a suitcase. The revision keeps two, set as single-line stanzas, and lets the young woman with the suitcase stand for the rest. With fewer examples, each one perhaps has more room.

The flight changes in the same way. “I felt turbulence” becomes the one-word sentence “Turbulence.” The old man, who had been simply “seen,” is now found “in the window’s reflection,” so the reader may realize, along with the speaker, that the old man is himself. The line that commented on the poem, “How strange that an act of kindness / made me think so much,” is gone.

A suggestion. In a passage that lists many examples, you might try keeping only the two or three that matter most to you, and see how the passage feels.

Questions and Activities

These draw on the classic readings above and on the examples on this page.

Questions for Discussion

  1. Pound’s poem has two lines. What does the second line do for the first?
  2. “The Red Wheelbarrow” begins “so much depends.” What does that phrase ask the reader to do?
  3. “Turbulence” cut six signs of age to two. In Pound and Williams, which details are kept, and what is left out?

Activities

  1. Half, then half again. Cut a paragraph or stanza to half its words, then to half again. Read all three versions aloud. Which line survived every cut?
  2. Twenty-five words. Explain one thing (a memory, a scene or, for the science writer, one natural process) in exactly twenty-five words.

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